Lee Cronin, the researcher who organized the work, was kind enough to send along an image of the setup, which looks nothing like our typical conception of a robot (the researchers refer to it as “bespoke”). Most of its parts are dispersed through a fume hood, which ensures safe ventilation of any products that somehow escape the system. The upper right is a collection of tanks containing starting materials and pumps that send them into one of six reaction chambers, which can be operated in parallel.
Enlarge/ The robot in question. MS = Mass Spectrometer; IR = Infrared Spectrometer.
Lee Cronin
The outcomes of these reactions can then be sent on for analysis. Pumps can feed samples into an IR spectrometer, a mass spectrometer, and a compact NMR machine—the latter being the only bit of equipment that didn’t fit in the fume hood. Collectively, these can create a fingerprint of the molecules that occupy a reaction chamber. By comparing this to the fingerprint of the starting materials, it’s possible to determine whether a chemical reaction took place and infer some things about its products.
All of that is a substitute for a chemist’s hands, but it doesn’t replace the brains that evaluate potential reactions. That’s where a machine-learning algorithm comes in. The system was given a set of 72 reactions with known products and used those to generate predictions of the outcomes of further reactions. From there, it started choosing reactions at random from the remaining list of options and determining whether they, too, produced products. By the time the algorithm had sampled 10 percent of the total possible reactions, it was able to predict the outcome of untested reactions with more than 80-percent accuracy.
And, since the earlier reactions it tested were chosen at random, the system wasn’t biased by human expectations of what reactions would or wouldn’t work.
Once it had built a model, the system was set up to evaluate which of the remaining possible reactions was most likely to produce products and prioritize testing those. The system could continue on until it reached a set number of reactions, stop after a certain number of tests no longer produced products, or simply go until it tested every possible reaction.
Neural networking
Not content with this degree of success, the research team went on to add a neural network that was provided with data from the research literature on the yield of a class of reactions that links two hydrocarbon chains. After training on nearly 3,500 reactions, the system had an error of only 11 percent when predicting the yield on another 1,700 reactions from the literature.
This system was then integrated with the existing test setup and set loose on reactions that hadn’t been reported in the literature. This allowed the system to prioritize not only by whether the reaction was likely to make a product but also how much of the product would be produced by the reaction.
All this, on its own, is pretty impressive. As the authors put it, “by realizing only 10 percent of the total number of reactions, we can predict the outcomes of the remaining 90 percent without needing to carry out the experiments.” But the system also helped them identify a few surprises—cases where the fingerprint of the reaction mix suggested that the product was something more than a simple combination of starting materials. These reactions were explored further by actual human chemists, who identified both ring-breaking and ring-forming reactions this way.
That last aspect really goes a long way toward explaining how this sort of capability will fit into future chemistry labs. People tend to think of robots as replacing humans. But in this context, the robots are simply taking some of the drudgery away from humans. No sane human would ever consider trying every possible combination of reactants to see what they’d do, and humans couldn’t perform the testing 24 hours a day without dangerous levels of caffeine anyway. The robots will also be good at identifying the rare cases where highly trained intuitions turn out to lead us astray about the utility of trying some reactions.
