Taking vitamin D2 might lower the body’s levels of the more efficient form of vitamin D, vitamin D3, according to new research from the University of Surrey, John Innes Centre and Quadram Institute Bioscience. Many people take vitamin D supplements to support their bone and immune health and meet the UK government recommendation of 10 micrograms (µg) each day, especially during the winter months.

There are two forms of vitamin D supplements available: vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. Researchers have found that taking vitamin D2 supplements can lead to a drop in the body’s concentration of vitamin D3, which is the form our bodies naturally produce from sunlight and use most effectively to raise overall vitamin D levels.

The study, published in Nutrition Reviews, analysed data from randomised controlled trials and found that vitamin D2 supplementation resulted in a reduction in vitamin D3 levels compared to those not taking a vitamin D2 supplement. In many of the studies, the vitamin D3 levels went lower than in the control group.

Emily Brown, PhD Research Fellow and Lead Researcher of the study from the University of Surrey’s Nutrition, Exercise, Chronobiology & Sleep Discipline, said:

“Vitamin D supplements are important, especially between October and March, when our bodies cannot make vitamin D from sunlight in the UK. However, we discovered that vitamin D2 supplements can actually decrease levels of vitamin D3 in the body, which is a previously unknown effect of taking these supplements. This study suggests that subject to personal considerations, vitamin D3 supplements may be more beneficial for most individuals over vitamin D2.”

[…]

Further research into the different functionalities of vitamin D2 and D3 should be a priority in deciding whether vitamin D3 should be the first-line choice of vitamin D supplement, subject to individual requirements.

[…]

Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Surrey. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Journal Reference:

1. Emily I G Brown, Andrea L Darling, Tracey M Robertson, Kathryn H Hart, Jie Li, Cathie Martin, Martin J Warren, Colin P Smith, Susan A Lanham-New, Ruan M Elliott. Effect of Vitamin D2 Supplementation on 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrition Reviews, 2025; DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaf166

Source: The vitamin D mistake weakening your immunity | ScienceDaily

Researchers at Leipzig University and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin have discovered a key mechanism for appetite and weight control. It helps the brain to regulate feelings of hunger. In a study, scientists from Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 1423 – Structural Dynamics of GPCR Activation and Signaling – found how a protein called MRAP2 (melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2) influences the function of the brain receptor MC4R (melanocortin-4 receptor), which plays a central role in appetite control and energy balance. Their findings have just been published in the journal Nature Communications.

MC4R is an important receptor activated by the peptide hormone MSH. It plays a major role in Collaborative Research Centre 1423, where it is being characterised both structurally and functionally. Mutations in MC4R are among the most common genetic causes of severe obesity.

[…]

Setmelanotide, an approved drug, activates this receptor and specifically reduces feelings of hunger. “We are proud that CRC 1423 has now also contributed to understanding receptor transport and availability,” says Professor Annette Beck-Sickinger, spokesperson for CRC 1423 and co-author of the study. A total of five projects within the Collaborative Research Centre were involved in this interdisciplinary research.

Using modern fluorescence microscopy and single-cell imaging, the team demonstrated that the protein MRAP2 fundamentally alters the localisation and behaviour of the brain receptor MC4R within cells. Fluorescent biosensors and confocal imaging showed that MRAP2 is essential for transporting MC4R to the cell surface, where it can transmit appetite-suppressing signals more effectively.

By uncovering this new level of regulation, the study points to therapeutic strategies that mimic or modulate MRAP2 and hold the potential to combat obesity and related metabolic disorders.

[…]

Story Source:

Materials provided by Universität Leipzig. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Journal Reference:

1. Iqra Sohail, Suli-Anne Laurin, Gunnar Kleinau, Vidicha Chunilal, Andrew Morton, Alfonso Brenlla, Zeynep Cansu Uretmen Kagiali, Marie-José Blouin, Javier A. Tello, Annette G. Beck-Sickinger, Martin J. Lohse, Patrick Scheerer, Michel Bouvier, Peter McCormick, Paolo Annibale, Heike Biebermann. MRAP2 modifies the signaling and oligomerization state of the melanocortin-4 receptor. Nature Communications, 2025; 16 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-63988-w

Source: Scientists discover hidden protein that switches off hunger | ScienceDaily

[… lots of random stuff about some influencer nobody heard of until the US fascists made him a thing to deflect from Gaza, Ukraine, Trump and Epstein…] The “debate me bro” playbook is simple and effective: demand that serious people engage with your conspiracy theories or extremist talking points. If they decline, cry “censorship!” and claim they’re “afraid of the truth.” If they accept, turn the interaction into a performance designed to generate viral clips and false legitimacy. It’s a heads-I-win-tails-you-lose proposition that has nothing to do with genuine intellectual discourse.

The fundamental issue with “debate me bro” culture isn’t just that it’s obnoxious, it’s that it creates a false equivalence between good-faith expertise and bad-faith trolling. When you agree to debate someone pushing long-debunked conspiracy theories or openly hateful ideologies, you’re implicitly suggesting that their position deserves equal consideration alongside established facts and expert analysis.

This is exactly backwards from how the actual “marketplace of ideas” is supposed to work. Ideas don’t deserve platforms simply because someone is willing to argue for them loudly. They earn legitimacy through evidence, peer review, and sustained engagement with reality. Many of the ideas promoted in these viral “debates” have already been thoroughly debunked and rejected by that marketplace—but the “debate me bro” format resurrects them as if they’re still worth serious consideration.

Perhaps most insidiously, these aren’t actually debates at all. They’re performances designed to generate specific emotional reactions for viral distribution. Participants aren’t trying to persuade anyone or genuinely engage with opposing viewpoints. They’re trying to create moments that will get clipped, shared, and monetized across social media.

[…]

The most toxic evolution of this grift is Jubilee Media’s “Surrounded” series on YouTube (on which Kirk once appeared, because of course he did), which The New Yorker’s Brady Brickner-Wood aptly describes as an attempt to “anthropomorphize the internet, turning incendiary discourse into live-action role-play.” The format is simple: put one public figure in a room with 20 ideologically opposed people and let them duke it out in rapid-fire rounds designed for maximum conflict and viral potential.

As Brickner-Wood notes, these aren’t actual debates in the classical sense of trying to persuade, they’re spectacles designed to set up bad faith dipshits with the opportunity to dunk on others for social media clout.

“Surrounded” videos are a dizzying and bewildering watch, as gruelling as they are compelling. The participants who fare best seem to be familiar with the conventions of interscholastic debate, spouting off statistics and logic puzzles with the alacrity of an extemporaneous-speaking champion. To win an argument in such a condensed amount of time, debaters attempt to short-circuit their opponent’s claim as swiftly and harshly as possible, treating their few minutes of airtime as a domination game rather than, say, a path toward truth or understanding. The goal here is not to inform or educate, to listen or process, to build or intellectualize but to win, to own, to dunk on, to break the opponent’s brain, to spawn an argument of such devastating definitiveness that the matter can be considered, once and for all, closed. Wave the flag, run the clock out—next.

But Surrounded is just the most recent manifestation of a much older problem. We’ve seen multiple bad faith trolls, beyond just Kirk, turn the “debate me bro” model into large media empires. When people point out their bad faith nonsense, we’re told “what are you complaining about, they’re doing things the ‘right way’ by debating with those they disagree with.”

[…]

The format actively discourages the kind of thoughtful, nuanced discussion that might actually change minds—the kind actually designed for persuasion. Instead, it rewards the most inflammatory takes, the most emotionally manipulative tactics, and the most viral-ready soundbites. Anyone going into these situations with good faith gets steamrolled by participants who understand they’re playing a different game entirely.

When trolls demand debates, they’re not interested in having their minds changed or genuinely testing their ideas. They want one of two outcomes: either you decline and they get to claim victory by default, or you accept and they get to use your credibility to legitimize their nonsense while farming viral moments.

None of this means we should avoid authentically engaging with different viewpoints or challenging ideas. But there’s a crucial difference between good-faith intellectual engagement and feeding trolls who are just looking for their next viral moment.

[…]

When we praise bad-faith performers for “engaging” with their critics, we’re not celebrating democratic norms—we’re rewarding those who exploit them.

Source: The “Debate Me Bro” Grift: How Trolls Weaponized The Marketplace Of Ideas

Is the colour you see the same as what I see? It’s a question that has puzzled both philosophers and neuroscientists for decades, but has proved notoriously difficult to answer.

Now, a study that recorded the brain activity of 15 participants suggests that colours are represented and processed in the same way across different people. The findings were published in the Journal of Neuroscience on 8 September¹.

“Now we know that when you see red or green or whatever colour, that it activates your brain very similarly to my brain,” says study co-author Andreas Bartels, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Tübingen in Germany. “Even at a very low level, things are represented similarly across different brains, and that is a fundamentally new discovery.”

[…]

The pair used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare activity in the brains of a group of people while they viewed different colours.

Source: My blue is your blue: different people’s brains process colours in the same way

They could then predict what colour people were seeing based on the scans.

Microsoft is rolling out a new return-to-office policy that will see first Redmond, then US, and then global staff getting back on-prem at least three days a week.

“How we work has forever changed,” Microsoft’s Chief People Officer Amy Coleman told staff in a blog post. And that change will start in Redmond by the end of February. If you work within a 50-mile radius of the office, Microsoft has already emailed you if it expects your attendance, she said.

The changes will spread across the rest of America and then internationally on an unspecified timescale. We’ve asked for clarification and will update this article if it comes in.

Coleman’s note looked to get ahead of possible criticisms that mandatory RTO policies serve as a backdoor way to reduce headcount, as employees who’d moved far away from offices to take advantage of companies’ remote work policies may find it difficult or unpalatable to uproot again.

“Importantly, this update is not about reducing headcount,” she wrote. “It’s about working together in a way that enables us to meet our customers’ needs.”

[…]

Source: Microsoft employees ordered back to office • The Register

So… Microsoft Teams doesn’t work very well? Or is it just American Micromanagement at its best?

Managers and supervisors brace yourselves: calling the boss a dickhead is not necessarily a sackable offence, a tribunal has ruled.

The ruling came in the case of an office manager who was sacked on the spot when – during a row – she called her manager and another director dickheads.

Kerrie Herbert has been awarded almost £30,000 in compensation and legal costs after an employment tribunal found she had been unfairly dismissed.

The employment judge Sonia Boyes ruled that the scaffolding and brickwork company she worked for had not “acted reasonably in all the circumstances in treating [her] conduct as a sufficient reason to dismiss her”.

“She made a one-off comment to her line manager about him and a director of the business,” Boyes said. “The comment was made during a heated meeting.

“Whilst her comment was not acceptable, there is no suggestion that she had made such comments previously. Further … this one-off comment did not amount to gross misconduct or misconduct so serious to justify summary dismissal.”

The hearing in Cambridge was told Herbert started her £40,000-a-year role at the Northampton firm Main Group Services in October 2018. The business was run by Thomas Swannell and his wife, Anna.

The tribunal heard that in May 2022 the office manager had found documents in her boss’s desk about the costs of employing her, and became upset as she believed he was going to let her go.

When Swannell then raised issues about her performance, she began crying, the hearing was told.

She told the tribunal that she said: “If it was anyone else in this position they would have walked years ago due to the goings-on in the office, but it is only because of you two dickheads that I stayed.”

She said Swannell retorted: “Don’t call me a fucking dickhead or my wife. That’s it, you’re sacked. Pack your kit and fuck off.”

[…]

Boyes found that Herbert was summarily fired because of her use of the word “dickheads” and ruled that the company had failed to follow proper disciplinary procedures.

She concluded that calling her bosses dickheads was not sufficient to fire Herbert and ordered the firm to pay £15,042.81 in compensation.

In her latest judgment she also ruled it had to pay £14,087 towards her legal fees.

Source: Calling boss a dickhead was not a sackable offence, tribunal rules | Employment tribunals | The Guardian

Insomnia patients taking cannabis-based medical products reported better quality sleep after up to 18 months of treatment, according to a study published August 27 in the open-access journal PLOS Mental Health by Arushika Aggarwal from Imperial College London, U.K., and colleagues.

About one out of every three people has some trouble getting a good night’s rest, and 10 percent of adults meet the criteria for an insomnia disorder. But current treatments can be difficult to obtain, and the drugs approved for insomnia run the risk of dependence. To understand how cannabis-based medical products might affect insomnia symptoms, the authors of this study analyzed a set of 124 insomnia patients taking medical cannabis products. They examined the patient’s reports of their sleep quality, anxiety/depression, and quality of life changes between one and 18 months of treatment.

The patients reported improved sleep quality that lasted over the 18 months of treatment. They also showed significant improvements in anxiety/depression as well as reporting less pain. About nine percent of the patients reported adverse effects such as fatigue, insomnia, or dry mouth, but none of the side effects were life-threatening. While randomized controlled trials will be needed to prove that the products are safe and effective, the authors suggest that cannabis-based medical products could improve sleep quality in insomnia patients.

[…]

He adds: “Conducting this long-term study provided valuable real-world evidence on patient outcomes that go beyond what we typically see in short-term trials. It was particularly interesting to observe signs of potential tolerance over time, which highlights the importance of continued monitoring and individualized treatment plans.”

Journal Reference:

1. Arushika Aggarwal, Simon Erridge, Isaac Cowley, Lilia Evans, Madhur Varadpande, Evonne Clarke, Katy McLachlan, Ross Coomber, James J. Rucker, Mark W. Weatherall, Mikael H. Sodergren. UK Medical Cannabis Registry: A clinical outcomes analysis for insomnia. PLOS Mental Health, 2025; 2 (8): e0000390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmen.0000390

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Cannabis-based medicinal products

Details of cannabis-based medicinal product treatment at baseline and the maximum titrated dose were available for all participants (n = 124) (Table 4). Administration routes were also available at baseline (n = 124), follow-up months 1, 3, 6, and 12 (n = 123) and 18-months (n = 124). The median daily CBD dose at baseline was 1.00 [0.00-20.00] mg/day and increased to 10.00 [0.00-25.00] mg/day by month 3, and this was sustained until 18-month follow-up (10.00 [5.00-35.75] mg/day). For THC, the median daily dose was 20.00 [2.00-20.00] mg/day at baseline, and by 18-month follow-up, increased to 120.00 [95.00-210.38] mg/day. The most prescribed regimen at baseline (n = 51; 41.13%) and throughout every follow-up month until month 18 (n = 54; 43.55%) was dried flower only.

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Table 4. Data on prescribed cannabis-based medicinal products recorded for participants (n = 124).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmen.0000390.t004

Source: Study finds cannabis improves sleep where other drugs fail | ScienceDaily

Researchers have demonstrated a novel vaccine delivery method in an animal model, using dental floss to introduce vaccine via the tissue between the teeth and gums. The testing found that the new technique stimulates the production of antibodies in mucosal surfaces, such as the lining of the nose and lungs.

“Mucosal surfaces are important, because they are a source of entry for pathogens, such as influenza and COVID,” says Harvinder Singh Gill, corresponding author of a paper on the work. “However, if a vaccine is given by injection, antibodies are primarily produced in the bloodstream throughout the body, and relatively few antibodies are produced on mucosal surfaces.

“But we know that when a vaccine is given via the mucosal surface, antibodies are stimulated not only in the bloodstream, but also on mucosal surfaces,” says Gill, who is the Ronald B. and Cynthia J. McNeill Term Professor in Nanomedicine at North Carolina State University. “This improves the body’s ability to prevent infection, because there is an additional line of antibody defense before a pathogen enters the body.”

[…]

The junctional epithelium is a thin layer of tissue located in the deepest part of the pocket between the tooth and the gum, and it lacks the barrier features found in other epithelial tissues. The lack of a barrier allows the junctional epithelium to release immune cells to fight bacteria – you find these immune cells in your saliva, as well as between your teeth and gums.

“Because the junctional epithelium is more permeable than other epithelial tissues – and is a mucosal layer – it presents a unique opportunity for introducing vaccines to the body in a way that will stimulate enhanced antibody production across the body’s mucosal layers,” says Gill.

To determine the viability of delivering vaccines via the junctional epithelium, the researchers applied vaccine to unwaxed dental floss and then flossed the teeth of lab mice.

[…]

“We found that applying vaccine via the junctional epithelium produces far superior antibody response on mucosal surfaces than the current gold standard for vaccinating via the oral cavity, which involves placing vaccine under the tongue,” says Rohan Ingrole, first author of the paper, who was a Ph.D. student under Gill at Texas Tech University. “The flossing technique also provides comparable protection against flu virus as compared to the vaccine being given via the nasal epithelium.”

“This is extremely promising, because most vaccine formulations cannot be given via the nasal epithelium – the barrier features in that mucosal surface prevent efficient uptake of the vaccine,” Gill says. “Intranasal delivery also has the potential to cause the vaccine to reach the brain, which can pose safety concerns. However, vaccination via the junctional epithelium offers no such risk.

[…]

The researchers also tested whether the junctional epithelium delivery method worked for three other prominent classes of vaccines: proteins, inactivated viruses and mRNA. In all three cases, the epithelial junction delivery technique produced robust antibody responses in the bloodstream and across mucosal surfaces.

The researchers also found that, at least in the animal model, it didn’t matter whether food and water were consumed immediately after flossing with the vaccine – the immune response was the same.

But while regular floss serves as an adequate vaccine delivery method for lab mice, the researchers know it’s not practical to ask people to hold vaccine-coated floss in their fingers. To address that challenge the researchers used a floss pick. A floss pick consists of a piece of floss stretched between two prongs that can be held by a handle.

Specifically, the researchers coated the floss in floss picks with fluorescent food dye. The researchers then recruited 27 study participants, explained the concept of applying vaccine via floss, and asked the participants to try to deposit the food dye in their epithelial junction with a floss pick.

“We found that approximately 60% of the dye was deposited in the gum pocket, which suggests that floss picks may be a practical vaccine delivery method to the epithelial junction,” Ingrole says.

[…]

There are also some drawbacks. For example, this technique would not work on infants and toddlers who do not yet have teeth.

“In addition, we would need to know more about how or whether this approach would work for people who have gum disease or other oral infections,” Gill says.

[…]

Source: This vaccine uses dental floss instead of needles | ScienceDaily

This study begins by outlining the transparency paradox: that trust in science requires transparency, but being transparent about science, medicine and government reduces trust in science. A solution to the paradox is then advanced here: it is argued that, rather than just thinking in terms of transparency and opacity, it is important to think about what institutions are being transparent about. By attending to the particulars of transparency – especially with respect to whether good or bad news is disclosed – it is revealed that transparency about good news increases trust whereas transparency about bad news decreases it, thus explaining the apparent paradox. The apparent solution: to ensure that there is always only good news to report, which might require lying. This study concludes by emphasizing how problematic it is that, currently, the best way to increase public trust is to lie, suggesting that a better way forward (and the real solution to the transparency paradox) would be to resolve the problem of the public overidealizing science through science education and communication to eliminate the naïve view of science as infallible.

Source: Lying increases trust in science | Theory and Society

Surveys show that the increasing number of extreme climate events, including floods, wildfires and hurricanes, has not raised awareness of the threats posed by climate change. Instead, people change their idea of what they see as normal. This so-called “boiling frog effect” makes gradual change difficult to spot.

Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania wondered if climate change could be made more obvious by presenting it in binary terms. Local newspaper archives describing ice skating on Lake Carnegie when it froze in winter inspired a simple experiment.

Some test subjects were shown temperature graphs of a fictional town’s winter conditions; others had a chart showing whether or not a fictional lake froze each year. The result, published in Nature, showed those who receiving the second graphic consistently saw climate change as more real and imminent.

Binary data gives a clearer impression of the “before” and “after”. The disappearing ice is more vivid and dramatic than a temperature trace, even though the underlying data is the same.

“We are literally showing them the same trend, just in different formats,” says Rachit Dubey, a co-author of the study.

These results should help drive more effective ways of communicating the impact of climate change in future by finding simple binary, black-and-white examples of its effects.

Source: ‘Boiling frog’ effect makes people oblivious to threat of climate crisis, shows study | Environment | The Guardian

Air pollution isn’t just bad for your lungs—it may be eroding your brain. In a sweeping review covering nearly 30 million people, researchers found that common pollutants like PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, and soot are all linked to a significantly higher risk of dementia. The most dangerous? PM2.5—tiny particles from traffic and industry that can lodge deep in your lungs and reach your brain.

[…]

In a paper published on July 24 in The Lancet Planetary Health, a team led by researchers at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing scientific literature to examine this link further. This approach allowed them to bring together studies that on their own may not provide sufficient evidence, and which sometimes disagree with each other, to provide more robust overarching conclusions.

In total, the researchers included 51 studies, including data from more than 29 million participants, mostly from high-income countries. Of these, 34 papers were included in the meta-analysis: 15 originated in North America, 10 in Europe, seven in Asia, and two in Australia.

The researchers found a positive and statistically-significant association between three types of air pollutant and dementia. These were:

• Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less (PM_2.5), a pollutant made up of tiny particles small enough that they can be inhaled deep into the lungs. These particles come from several sources, including vehicle emissions, power plants, industrial processes, wood burning stoves and fireplaces, and construction dust. They also form in the atmosphere because of complex chemical reactions involving other pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The particles can stay in the air for a long time and travel a long way from where they were produced.

• Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), one of the key pollutants that arise from burning fossil fuels. It is found in vehicle exhaust, especially diesel exhaust, and industrial emissions, as well as those from gas stoves and heaters. Exposure to high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide can irritate the respiratory system, worsening and inducing conditions like asthma and reducing lung function.
• Soot, from sources such as vehicle exhaust emissions and burning wood. It can trap heat and affect the climate. When inhaled, it can penetrate deep into the lungs, aggravating respiratory diseases and increasing the risk of heart problems.

According to the researchers, for every 10 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m³) of PM_2.5, an individual’s relative risk of dementia would increase by 17%. The average roadside measurement for PM_2.5 in Central London in 2023 was 10 μg/m³.

For every 10 μg/m³ of NO₂, the relative risk increased by 3%. The average roadside measurement for NO₂ in Central London in 2023 was 33 µg/m³.

For each 1 μg/m³ of soot as found in PM_2.5, the relative risk increased by 13%. Across the UK, annual mean soot concentrations measured at select roadside locations in 2023 were 0.93 μg/m³ in London, 1.51 μg/m³ in Birmingham and 0.65 μg/m³ Glasgow.

[…]

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how air pollution may cause dementia, primarily involving inflammation in the brain and oxidative stress (a chemical process in the body that can cause damage to cells, proteins, and DNA). Both oxidative stress and inflammation play a well-established role in the onset and progression of dementia. Air pollution is thought to trigger these processes through direct entry to the brain or via the same mechanisms underlying lung and cardiovascular diseases. Air pollution can also enter circulation from the lungs and travel to solid organs, initiating local and wide-spread inflammation.

The researchers point out that the majority of people included in the published studies were white and living in high-income countries, even though marginalised groups tend to have a higher exposure to air pollution. Given that studies have suggested that reducing air pollution exposure appears to be more beneficial at reducing the risk of early death for marginalised groups, they call for future work to urgently ensure better and more adequate representation across ethnicities and low- and middle-income countries and communities.

[…]

Further analysis revealed that while exposure to these pollutants increased the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, the effect seemed stronger for vascular dementia, a type of dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain.

[…]

Clare B Best Rogowski, Christiaan Bredell, Yan Shi, Alexandra Tien-Smith, Magdalena Szybka, Kwan Wai Fung, Lucy Hong, Veronica Phillips, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Stephen J Sharp, James Woodcock, Carol Brayne, Annalan Navaratnam, Haneen Khreis. Long-term air pollution exposure and incident dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Planetary Health, 2025; 101266 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(25)00118-4

Source: Is the air you breathe silently fueling dementia? A 29-million-person study says yes | ScienceDaily

Undoubtedly, one of the most important social issues is the discussion of boredom and disillusionment, which is currently observable in many societies, and perhaps many individuals, as well as our loved ones, have encountered it and are seeking treatment to be relieved of it and resolve the crisis. The issue of boredom is a perennial topic that has always been on the list of fundamental human crises from the past to the present, and perhaps in the future as well. This work examines the meaning and concept of boredom, as well as its effects, reasons, treatments, and outcomes. Five articles that have provided accurate insights into explaining and defining the issue have been reviewed, and important questions have been answered that may have occupied individuals’ minds for a long time.

Source: (PDF) A review of the impacts of boredom: A review of the best evidence

What exactly is boredom? And what is it good for? What does it signal to us? What are it’s effects. It turns out that boredom is interesting!

When we focus, switch tasks, or face tough mental challenges, the brain starts to sync its internal rhythms, especially in the midfrontal region. A new study has found that smarter individuals show more precise and flexible coordination of slow theta waves during key decision-making moments. Using EEG recordings and cognitive testing, researchers discovered that it s not constant brainwave synchronization that matters most, but the brain s ability to dynamically adapt its rhythms like a well-tuned orchestra. This flexible neural harmony seems to be a hidden engine behind attention, reasoning, and intelligence.

[…]

A new study from Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) is the first to show how flexibly this neural synchrony adjusts to different situations and that this dynamic coordination is closely linked to cognitive abilities. “Specific signals in the midfrontal brain region are better synchronized in people with higher cognitive ability – especially during demanding phases of reasoning,” explained Professor Anna-Lena Schubert from JGU’s Institute of Psychology, lead author of the study recently published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.

The researchers focused on the midfrontal area of the brain and the measurable coordination of the so-called theta waves. These brainwaves oscillate between four and eight hertz and belong to the group of slower neural frequencies. “They tend to appear when the brain is particularly challenged such as during focused thinking or when we need to consciously control our behavior,” said Schubert, who heads the Analysis and Modeling of Complex Data Lab at JGU.

Being able to focus even next to a buzzing phone

The 148 participants in the study, aged between 18 and 60, first completed tests assessing memory and intelligence before their brain activity was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). This method measures tiny electrical signals in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp and is a well-established technique for gaining precise insights into cognitive processes. During EEG recording, participants completed three mentally demanding tasks designed to assess cognitive control.

The researchers were interested in the participants’ ability to flexibly shift between changing rules, which is an essential aspect of intelligent information processing. For example, participants had to press a button to decide whether a number was even or odd, and moments later whether it was greater or less than five. Each switch of rules required rapid adjustment of mental strategies – a process that allowed researchers to closely observe how the brain’s networks coordinate in real time.

As a result, individuals with higher cognitive abilities showed especially strong synchronization of theta waves during crucial moments, particularly when making decisions. Their brains were better at sustaining purposeful thought when it mattered most. “People with stronger midfrontal theta connectivity are often better at maintaining focus and tuning out distractions, be it that your phone buzzes while you’re working or that you intend to read a book in a busy train station,” explained Schubert.

A flexible rhythm in the brain

Professor Anna-Lena Schubert was particularly surprised by how closely this brain rhythm coordination was tied to cognitive abilities. “We did not expect the relationship to be this clear,” she said. What mattered most was not continuous synchronization, but the brain’s ability to adapt its timing flexibly and contextually – like an orchestra that follows a skilled conductor. The midfrontal region often sets the tone in this coordination but works in concert with other areas across the brain. This midfrontal theta connectivity appears to be particularly relevant during the execution of decisions, however not during the preparatory mental adjustment to new task rules.

[…]

Journal Reference:

1. Anna-Lena Schubert, Christoph Löffler, Henrike M. Jungeblut, Mareike J. Hülsemann. Trait characteristics of midfrontal theta connectivity as a neurocognitive measure of cognitive control and its relation to general cognitive abilities.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2025; DOI: 10.1037/xge0001780

Source: Your brain has a hidden beat — and smarter minds sync to it | ScienceDaily

© Jaap Arriens/NurPhoto via Getty Images

The Enhanced Games, a bizarre, steroid-fueled Olympics knock-off that is being funded by wealthy MAGA types, is officially happening. The unconventional sports festival—which, as its name proudly suggests, will allow contestants to use performance-enhancing drugs—will take place in 2026 in Las Vegas over Memorial Day weekend, organizers announced on Wednesday.

The inaugural festival (which, depending on whether this one results in some sort of legal action, may also be the last) will involve competitions in swimming, weight lifting, and track and field, organizers have announced. So far, a small number of former Olympic swimmers have said they intend to participate. Other than that, it’s unclear exactly who will be competing in the tournament. The organization’s website currently includes a submission portal where interested athletes can apply to compete.

Enhanced Games describes itself as “the ultimate demonstration of what the human body is capable of,” though a more accurate description would probably be the “ultimate demonstration of what the human body is capable of when you shoot it full of drugs.” Enhanced claims that its openly drug-fueled approach will actually be safer than traditional sports festivals because, while doping often takes place in traditional competitions, it occurs secretly, perhaps increasing its risk. Enhanced’s approach will allow the doping to occur transparently, under the watchful eye of health professionals, making it safer, organizers reason.

“We aim to deliver the safest sporting event in history by setting a new industry gold standard for athlete health assessments,” the festival’s website claims. “In order to assess health risks, and give athletes an informed picture of their health, we are introducing a mandated state-of-the-art pre-competition full-system medical profiling, which will help monitor cardiac risks, among other key health markers.” Detailed information about what that profiling and monitoring will look like hasn’t been released by the organization yet.

When it comes to contestant compensation, Enhanced also differs from traditional competitions. While the Olympics generally only compensate the winners of certain events (in the U.S., medalists typically only get somewhere between $15k and $25k), Enhanced’s website claims that all “athletes competing in the Enhanced Games will be paid, with those who set new enhanced world records eligible for million-dollar prizes.” The site adds that “the first athletes to set new world records for the 100m Sprint and the 50m Freestyle will receive one million dollars (USD $1,000,000).” Given that this is a competition organized by mega-capitalists, this tracks.

Enhanced is largely being funded by 1789 Capital, a venture capital firm that was founded by Donald Trump Jr., as well as MAGA banking magnate Omeed Malick and tech accelerationist Chris Buskirk. However, original funding for Enhanced Games was provided by a number of wealthy donors, including tech magnate Peter Thiel and his acolyte former Andreessen Horowitz general partner and “Network State” prophet Balaji Srinivasan. Christian Angermayer, another venture capitalist, is also a pivotal funder.

“The Enhanced Games are challenging traditional sports paradigms by embracing science, innovation, and fairness, to create the Third Olympiad – a new era of athletic excellence,” a recent press release from the 1789 Capital claims. “This landmark funding injection underscores the momentum and global belief in the Enhanced Games’ vision.”

Aron D’Souza, the president and founder of Enhanced, also recently criticized the Olympics, claiming they were “a representation of the past” and were “rooted in ancient Greece.” He added: “They have this amateurish, natural ethos that is run by a bunch of European aristocrats. The Enhanced Games are very different. They’re run by capitalists, who believe in the future, believe in science and technology.”

Source: The Enhanced Games—the Olympics on Literal Steroids—Will Take Place in Vegas Next Year

[…]“People definitely noticed that they were able to get out onto the lake less,” said Liu, who’s now a Ph.D. student at Carnegie Mellon University. “However, they didn’t necessarily connect this trend to climate change.”

When the university’s alumni magazine featured her research in the winter of 2021, the comment section was filled with wistful memories of skating under the moonlight, pushing past the crowds to play hockey, and drinking hot chocolate by the frozen lakeside. Liu began to wonder: Could this kind of direct, visceral loss make climate change feel more vivid to people?

That question sparked her study, recently published in the journal Nature Human Behavior, that came to a striking conclusion: Boiling down data into a binary — a stark this or that — can help break through apathy about climate change.

Liu worked with professors at Princeton to test how people responded to two different graphs. One showed winter temperatures of a fictional town gradually rising over time, while the other presented the same warming trend in a black-or-white manner: The lake either froze in any given year, or it didn’t. People who saw the second chart perceived climate change as causing more abrupt changes.

Both charts represent the same amount of winter warming, just presented differently. “We are not hoodwinking people,” said Rachit Dubey, a co-author of the study who’s now a professor of communications at the University of California, Los Angeles. “We are literally showing them the same trend, just in different formats.”

The climate binary

Both charts demonstrate the same warming trend, but the gradual temperature data is less striking than the binary lake data.

The strong reaction to the black-or-white presentation held true over a series of experiments, even one where a trend line was placed over the scatter plot of temperatures to make the warming super clear. To ensure the results translated to the wider world, researchers also looked at how people reacted to actual data of lake freezing and temperature increases from towns in the U.S. and Europe and got the same results. “Psychology effects are sometimes fickle,” said Dubey, who’s researched cognitive science for a decade. “This is one of the cleanest effects we’ve ever seen.”

The findings suggest that if scientists want to increase public urgency around climate change, they should highlight clear, concrete shifts instead of slow-moving trends. That could include the loss of white Christmases or outdoor summer activities canceled because of wildfire smoke.

The metaphor of the “boiling frog” is sometimes used to describe how people fail to react to gradual changes in the climate. […] eople mentally adjust to temperature increases “disturbingly fast,” according to the study. Previous research has found that as the climate warms, people adjust their sense of what seems normal based on weather from the past two to eight years, a phenomenon known as “shifting baselines.”

[…]

“Tragedies will keep on escalating in the background, but it’s not happening fast enough for us to think, ‘OK, this is it. We need to just decisively stop everything we’re doing,’” Dubey said. “I think that’s an even bigger danger that we’re facing with climate change — that it never becomes the problem.”

One graph about lake-freezing data isn’t going to lead people to rank climate change as their top issue, of course. But Dubey thinks that if people see compelling visuals more often, it could help keep the problem of climate change from fading out of their minds. Dubey’s study shows that there’s a cognitive reason why binary data resonates with people: It creates a mental illusion that the situation has changed suddenly, when it has actually changed gradually.

[…]

The study’s findings don’t just apply to freezing lakes — global temperatures can be communicated in more stark ways. The popular “climate stripes” visual developed by Ed Hawkins, a professor at the University of Reading in the U.K., illustrates temperature changes with vertical bands of lines, where blue indicates cold years and red indicates warm ones. As the chart switches from deep blue to deep red, it communicates the warming trend on a more visceral level. The stripes simplify a gradual trend into a binary-style image that makes it easier to grasp. “Our study explains why the climate stripes is actually so popular and resonates with people,” Dubey said.

Source: Study Uncovers the One Thing That Cuts Through Climate Apathy: Loss

Researchers have discovered a mutation in the SIK3 gene that enables some people to function normally on just three to six hours of sleep. The finding, published this week in PNAS, adds to a growing list of genetic variants linked to naturally short sleepers.

When University of California, San Francisco scientists introduced the mutation to mice, the animals required 31 minutes less sleep daily. The modified enzyme showed highest activity in brain synapses, suggesting it might support brain homeostasis — the resetting process thought to occur during sleep.

“These people, all these functions our bodies are doing while we are sleeping, they can just perform at a higher level than we can,” said Ying-Hui Fu, the study’s co-author. This marks the fifth mutation across four genes identified in naturally short sleepers. Fu’s team hopes these discoveries could eventually lead to treatments for sleep disorders by revealing how sleep regulation functions in humans.

Source: cientists Identify New Mutation That Enables Three-Hour Sleepers | Slashdot

[…] Among 1,091,449 children, antibiotic exposure before age 2 was positively associated with asthma (hazard ratio 1.24, 1.22-1.26), food allergy (hazard ratio 1.33, 1.26-1.40), and allergic rhinitis (hazard ratio 1.06, 1.03-1.10), with stronger associations observed following multiple antibiotic courses. Findings from sibling-matched analyses were similar. Early-childhood antibiotic exposure was also dose-dependently associated with intellectual disability (5+ vs. 1-2 courses: hazard ratio 1.73, 1.49-2.01; sibling-matched: 2.79, 1.87-4.18), but not with celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriasis, type 1 diabetes, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, or anxiety. Sibling-matched results and a negative control outcome suggested minimal confounding bias.

Conclusions

Children receiving multiple antibiotic courses between birth and age 2 were more likely to develop asthma, food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and intellectual disability. However, risks of most autoimmune, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric conditions studied were minimal following early-childhood antibiotic exposure.

[…]

Source: Early childhood antibiotics and chronic pediatric conditions: a retrospective cohort study | The Journal of Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic

A sacred pilgrimage ended up in the toilet for several travelers earlier this year. Health officials in Europe have reported an outbreak of superbug cholera traced back to tainted holy water sourced from Ethiopia.

Health officials in Germany and the UK detailed the strange outbreak in a report published Thursday in the journal Eurosurveillance. At least seven people across both countries were sickened with a multidrug-resistant cholera strain that originated from the Bermel Georgis holy well in Ethiopia. Though several people were hospitalized and some even required intensive care, all of the victims thankfully survived.

[…]

Source: Cholera Outbreak Traced to Holy Water From Ethiopia

Described in a paper published in Nature Neuroscience this week, the neuroprosthesis is intended to allow patients with severe paralysis and anarthria – loss of speech – to communicate by turning brain signals into synthesized words.

“Our streaming approach brings the same rapid speech decoding capacity of devices like Alexa and Siri to neuroprostheses,” said Gopala Anumanchipalli – assistant professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences at University of California, Berkeley and co-principal investigator of the study, done in conjunction with UC San Francisco – in a statement.

“Using a similar type of algorithm, we found that we could decode neural data and, for the first time, enable near-synchronous voice streaming. The result is more naturalistic, fluent speech synthesis.”

The project improves on work published in 2023 by reducing the latency to decode thought and turn it into speech, which at the time took about eight seconds to produce a sentence.

As demonstrated in this video, below, the new process works roughly 8x faster, operating in near real-time.

It begins by reading the patient’s electrical brain signals after the intent to speak has been formed but before the thought has produced a vocal muscle response.

“We are essentially intercepting signals where the thought is translated into articulation and in the middle of that motor control,” said co-lead author Cheol Jun Cho, UC Berkeley PhD student in electrical engineering and computer sciences, in a statement.

“So what we’re decoding is after a thought has happened, after we’ve decided what to say, after we’ve decided what words to use and how to move our vocal-tract muscles.”

The neuroprosthesis works by passing 80ms chunks of electrocorticogram (ECoG) data through a neural encoder and then using a deep learning recurrent neural network transducer model to convert brain signals to sounds. The researchers used a recording of the patient’s pre-injury voice to make the model’s output sound more like natural speech.

While this particular neuroprosthesis requires a direct electrical connection to the brain, the researchers believe their approach is generalizable to other interfaces, including surgically implanted microelectrode arrays (MEAs) and non-invasive surface electromyography (SEMG).

The work builds on research funded by Facebook that the social media biz abandoned four years ago to pursue more market-friendly SEMG wrist sensors. Edward Chang, chair of neurosurgery at the UCSF, who oversaw the Facebook-funded project is the senior co-principal investigator of this latest study.

Code for the Streaming Brain2Speech Decoder has been posted to GitHub, in case anyone is looking to reproduce the researchers’ results.

Source: Speech now streaming from brains in real-time • The Register