Under rules being considered, any telecom service provider or business with custodial access to telecom equipment – a hotel IT technician, an employee at a cafe with Wi-Fi, or a contractor responsible for installing home broadband router – could be compelled to enable electronic surveillance. And this would apply not only to those involved with data transit and data storage.
This week, the US House of Representatives is expected to conduct a floor vote on two bills that reauthorize Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), which is set to expire in 2024.
Section 702, as The Register noted last week, permits US authorities to intercept the electronic communications of people outside the US for foreign intelligence purposes – without a warrant – even if that communication involves US citizens and permanent residents.
As the Electronic Frontier Foundation argues, Section 702 has allowed the FBI to conduct invasive, warrantless searches of protesters, political donors, journalists, protesters, and even members of Congress.
More than a few people would therefore be perfectly happy if the law lapsed – on the other hand, law enforcement agencies insist they need Section 702 to safeguard national security.
The pending vote is expected to be conducted under “Queen-of-the-Hill Rules,” which in this instance might also be described as “Thunderdome” – two bills enter, one bill leaves, with the survivor advancing to the US Senate for consideration. The prospect that neither would be approved and Section 702 would lapse appears … unlikely.
The two bills are: HR 6570, the Protect Liberty and End Warrantless Surveillance Act; and HR 6611, the FISA Reform and Reauthorization Act (FRRA) of 2023 (FRRA).
The former reauthorizes Section 702, but with strong civil liberties and privacy provisions. The civil rights community has lined up to support it.
As for the latter, Elizabeth Goitein, co-director of the Liberty and National Security Program at legal think tank the Brennan Center for Justice, explained that the FRRA changes the definition of electronic communication service provider (ECSP) in a way that expands the range of businesses required to share data with the US.
“Going forward, it would not just be entities that have direct access to communications, like email and phone service providers, that could be required to turn over communications,” argues a paper prepared by the Brennan Center. “Any business that has access to ‘equipment’ on which communications are stored and transmitted would be fair game.”
According to Goitein, the bill’s sponsors have denied the language is intended to be interpreted so broadly.
A highly redacted FISA Court of Review opinion [PDF], released a few months ago, showed that the government has already pushed the bounds of the definition.
The court document discussed a petition to compel an unidentified entity to conduct surveillance. The petition was denied because the entity did not satisfy the definition of “electronic communication service provider,” and was instead deemed to be a provider of a product or service. That definition may change, it seems.
Goitein is not alone in her concern about the ECSP definition. She noted that a FISA Court amici – the law firm ZwillGen – has taken the unusual step of speaking out against the expanded definition of an ECSP.
In an assessment published last week, ZwillGen attorneys Marc Zwillinger and Steve Lane raised concerns about the FRRA covering a broad set of businesses and their employees.
“By including any ‘service provider’ – rather than any ‘other communication service provider’ – that has access not just to communications, but also to the ‘equipment that is being or may be used to transmit or store … communications,’ the expanded definition would appear to cover datacenters, colocation providers, business landlords, shared workspaces, or even hotels where guests connect to the internet,” they explained. They added that the addition of the term “custodian” to the service provider definition makes it apply to any third party providing equipment, storage – or even cleaning services.
The Brennan Center paper also raised other concerns – like the exemption for members of Congress from such surveillance. The FRRA bill requires the FBI to get permission from a member of Congress when it wants to conduct a query of their communications. No such courtesy is afforded to the people these members of Congress represent.
Goitein urged Americans to contact their representative and ask for a “no” vote on the FRRA and a “yes” on HR 6570, the Protect Liberty and End Warrantless Surveillance Act. ®
